What atmospheric condition can cause turbulence during flight?

• A. Stable air layers
• B. Strong thermal updrafts and downdrafts
• C. Uniform temperature
• D. Low humidity

Answer: (B)

Strong thermal updrafts and downdrafts are a significant source of turbulence during flight. These updrafts and downdrafts occur mainly when the ground heats unevenly, causing pockets of air to rise and fall rapidly. Such conditions are commonly found in convective activities like thunderstorms or during hot days when the sun heats the earth's surface, leading to the formation of thermals. As aircraft encounter these varying air currents, turbulence can be felt, which may cause abrupt changes in altitude and motion.

The other options, while relevant to weather conditions, do not typically contribute to turbulence in the same manner. Stable air layers tend to promote smoother flying conditions because there are fewer vertical movements of air. Uniform temperature results in more consistent air density and less atmospheric instability, further reducing the likelihood of turbulence. Low humidity often leads to clearer air with fewer cloud formations that could generate turbulence, making the air less turbulent in such scenarios.